Compositions and methods for inhibiting cellular proliferation

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for inhibiting cellular proliferation wherein the composition contains Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI), a TFPI homolog, or an active fragment thereof. TFPI exhibits potent anti-proliferative activity on human and other animal cells, particularly endothelial cells. More particularly, the TFPI, TFPI homolog, and inhibitory fragment thereof may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier and used to inhibit angiogenesis and angiogenesis-related diseases such as cancer, arthritis, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the inhibition of cellular proliferation. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of tissue factor pathway inhibitor and inhibitory fragments thereof to inhibit angiogenesis and angiogenesis-related diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cellular proliferation is a normal ongoing process in all living organisms and is one that involves numerous factors and signals that are delicately balanced to maintain regular cellular cycles. The general process of cell division is one that consists of two sequential processes: nuclear division (mitosis), and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). Because organisms are continually growing and replacing cells, cellular proliferation is a central process that is vital to the normal functioning of almost all biological processes. Whether or not mammalian cells will grow and divide is determined by a variety of feedback control mechanisms, which include the availability of space in which a cell can grow and the secretion of specific stimulatory and inhibitory factors in the immediate environment.

When normal cellular proliferation is disturbed or somehow disrupted, the results can be inconsequential or they can be the manifestation of an array of biological disorders. Disruption of proliferation could be due to a myriad of factors such as the absence or overabundance of various signaling chemicals or presence of altered environments. Some disorders characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation include cancer, abnormal development of embryos, improper formation of the corpus luteum, difficulty in wound healing as well as malfunctioning of inflammatory and immune responses.

Cancer is characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation. Cancer cells exhibit a number of properties that make them dangerous to the host, often including an ability to invade other tissues and to induce capillary ingrowth, which assures that the proliferating cancer cells have an adequate supply of blood. One of the defining features of cancer cells is that they respond abnormally to control mechanisms that regulate the division of normal cells and continue to divide in a relatively uncontrolled fashion until they kill the host.

Angiogenesis and angiogenesis related diseases are closely affected by cellular proliferation. As used herein, the term "angiogenesis" means the generation of new blood vessels into a tissue or organ. Under normal physiological conditions, humans or animals undergo angiogenesis only in very specific restricted situations. For example, angiogenesis is normally observed in wound healing, fetal and embryonal development and formation of the corpus luteum, endometrium and placenta. The term "endothelium" is defined herein as a thin layer of flat cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels. These cells are defined herein as "endothelial cells". The term "endothelial inhibiting activity" means the capability of a molecule to inhibit angiogenesis in general. The inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation also results in an inhibition of angiogenesis.

Both controlled and uncontrolled angiogenesis are thought to proceed in a similar manner. Endothelial cells and pericytes, surrounded by a basement membrane, form capillary blood vessels. Angiogenesis begins with the erosion of the basement membrane by enzymes released by endothelial cells and leukocytes. The endothelial cells, which line the lumen of blood vessels, then protrude through the basement membrane. Angiogenic stimulants induce the endothelial cells to migrate through the eroded basement membrane. The migrating cells form a "sprout" off the parent blood vessel, where the endothelial cells undergo mitosis and proliferate. The endothelial sprouts merge with each other to form capillary loops, creating the new blood vessel.

Persistent, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in a multiplicity of disease states, tumor metastasis and abnormal growth by endothelial cells and supports the pathological damage seen in these conditions. The diverse pathological disease states in which unregulated angiogenesis is present have been grouped together as angiogenic-dependent, angiogenic-associated, or angiogenic-related diseases. These diseases are therefore a result of abnormal or undesirable cell proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation.

The hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent was first proposed in 1971 by Judah Folkman (N. Engl. Jour. Med. 285:1182 1186, 1971) In its simplest terms the hypothesis proposes that once tumor "take" has occurred, every increase in tumor cell population must be preceded by an increase in new capillaries converging on the tumor. Tumor "take" is currently understood to indicate a prevascular phase of tumor growth in which a population of tumor cells occupying a few cubic millimeters volume and not exceeding a few million cells, survives on existing host microvessels. Expansion of tumor volume beyond this phase requires the induction of new capillary blood vessels. For example, pulmonary micrometastases in the early prevascular phase in mice would be undetectable except by high power microscopy on histological sections.

Further indirect evidence supporting the concept that tumor growth is angiogenesis dependent is found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/429,743 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,735 which is incorporated herein by reference.

Thus, it is clear that cellular proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation, and most particularly angiogenesis, plays a major role in the metastasis of a cancer. If this abnormal or undesirable proliferation activity could be repressed, inhibited, or eliminated, then the tumor, although present, would not grow. In the disease state, prevention of abnormal or undesirable cellular proliferation and angiogenesis could avert the damage caused by the invasion of the new microvascular system. Therapies directed at control of the cellular proliferative processes could lead to the abrogation or mitigation of these diseases.

What is needed therefore is a composition and method which can inhibit abnormal or undesirable cellular proliferation, especially the growth of blood vessels into tumors. The composition should be able to overcome the activity of endogenous growth factors in premetastatic tumors and prevent the formation of the capillaries in the tumors thereby inhibiting the development of disease and the growth of tumors. The composition should also be able to modulate the formation of capillaries in angiogenic processes, such as wound healing and reproduction. Finally, the composition and method for inhibiting cellular proliferation should preferably be non-toxic and produce few side effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, compositions and methods are provided that are effective in inhibiting abnormal or undesirable cell proliferation, especially endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis related to tumor growth. The composition provided herein contains a protein known as "tissue factor pathway inhibitor" (TFPI), a TFPI homolog, or an active fragment thereof, wherein the fragment is defined by its ability to exhibit antiproliferative activity on human and other animal endothelial cells. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor is a protein having a molecular weight of between approximately 32 kilodaltons and 45 kilodaltons and having a structure of approximately 276 amino acids consisting of an acidic amino terminus followed by three Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains and a basic carboxyl terminal region.

The methods provided herein for treating diseases and processes mediated by undesired and uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer, involve administering to a human or animal a composition containing a substantially purified tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), TFPI homolog, or active fragment thereof, in a dosage sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation. The method is especially useful for treating or repressing the growth of tumors, particularly by inhibiting angiogenesis. Administration of the composition to a human or animal having prevascularized metastasized tumors is useful for preventing the growth or expansion of those tumors.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of treating diseases and processes that are mediated by abnormal or undesirable cellular proliferation.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition for treating or repressing the growth of a cancer.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a therapy for cancer that has minimal side effects.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and composition for treating diseases and processes that are mediated by angiogenesis.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) showing its structure, including the three Kunitz domains.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the blood coagulation cascade.

FIGS. 3a-3d are graphs depicting the results of proliferation assays testing various forms of TFPI using uridine incorporation: FIG. 3a is a graph showing the antiproliferative activity of full length TFPI purified from human plasma. FIG. 3b is a graph showing the antiproliferative activity of TFPI purified from HepG2 cells. FIG. 3c is a graph showing the antiproliferative activity of full length recombinant TFPI. FIG. 3d is a graph showing the antiproliferative activity of recombinant TFPI using cell counting.

FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the antiproliferative activity of TFPI purified from human plasma and TFPI purified HepG2 cells in a HUVE cell proliferation assay.

FIGS. 5a and 5b are graphs showing cell proliferation activity after administration of TFPI and Heparin. In FIG. 5a, equimolar concentrations of TFPI and heparin were used. In FIG. 5b, the concentration of heparin was 5-fold in excess of the concentration of TFPI.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting the effect of recombinant TFPI containing only the first two Kunitz domains on proliferation of HUVE cells.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) showing its structure, including the three Kunitz domains.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Compositions and methods for the treatment of diseases and processes that are mediated by or associated with abnormal or undesirable cellular proliferation are provided. The composition contains tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). TFPI is defined herein as including TFPI homologs such as TFPI-2. TFPI is also defined herein as including active fragments of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor molecule. Active fragments of TFPI are defined herein as fragments having the ability to exhibit anti-proliferative activity on human and other animal endothelial cells by in vivo or in vitro assays or other known techniques. Active fragments of TFPI are further defined herein as fragments having an inhibitory or repressive effect on angiogenesis. TFPI is further defined as including proteins or active fragments thereof belonging to a family, or superfamily, of proteins that contain Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (KPI) domains, such as amyloid beta precursor protein and other serine protease inhibitors.

In accordance with the method, TFPI is administered to a human or animal exhibiting undesirable cell proliferation in an amount sufficient to inhibit the undesirable cell proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis or an angiogenesis-related disease.

TFPI Characteristics

TFPI, as defined herein, is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of approximately 32 to 45 kilodaltons. TFPI is composed of approximately 276 amino acids organized in a structure that includes an acidic amino terminus followed by three Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains, referred to as Kunitz-1, Kunitz-2, and Kunitz-3, and a basic carboxyl terminal region as shown in FIG. 1. TFPI has a total of three glycosylation sites, located at amino acids 117, 167, and 228.

TFPI, also known to those skilled in the art as lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor, is a protease inhibitor that plays an important role in the regulation of tissue factor-induced blood coagulation. TFPI functions primarily by interfering with the function of certain components in the blood coagulation system, more specifically by binding and inactivating factor X and binding to and inhibiting Tissue Factor/VIIa.

Blood coagulation is complex series of interactions and is usually described as a cascade type reaction wherein a sequence of reactions involves numerous enzymes and cofactors. Coagulation consists of both an intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, the end result of which is the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The blood coagulation cascade is shown in FIG. 2.

The extrinsic system occurs in parallel with the intrinsic system and may be defined as coagulation initiated by components present entirely within the vascular system. Trauma to endothelial cells causes the conversion of Factor VII to Factor VII_(a) which, in the presence of Tissue Factor (TF), activates Factor X converting it to Factor X_(a). Once Factor X_(a) is formed it converts prothrombin to thrombin, which finally facilitates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the presence of thrombin, and from fibrin to a cross-linked fibrin clot.

In the blood coagulation cascade, TFPI blocks the initial steps of the extrinsic pathway by binding and inactivating factor Xa and by binding and inhibiting tissue factor/factor VIIa complex. The Kunitz-1 domain of TFPI is responsible for the inhibition of factor VIIa of the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex while the Kunitz-2 domain is responsible for the inhibition of factor Xa. The role of Kunitz-3 is not yet understood, although a heparin-binding site has been localized in its basic region. The main heparin-binding site of TFPI is located in the carboxyl terminus of the molecule.

TFPI Localization and Production

Generally, TFPI is found in plasma, in platelets and on endothelium. Its plasma concentration is low (approximately 3 nM), and the majority of circulating TFPI is bound to lipoproteins (LDL, HDL, and lipoprotein (a)). Platelets carry approximately 10% of the total TFPI concentration, and they release it after acute stimulation. At a site of blood vessel injury and after the bleeding has stopped, there is a three-fold increase in the concentration of TFPI compared to the normal levels found in plasma. This additional TFPI is derived by the aggregated platelets at the site of the injury. The majority of intravascular TFPI is endothelium-bound and is released after heparin infusion. The amount of the heparin-releasable TFPI is believed to be two to ten times the amount found in plasma or 220-800 ng/ml.

Intravascular TFPI exists in several forms. The predominant forms of plasma TFPI have molecular weights of 34 and 41 KDa but other forms with higher molecular weights are also present. The form of TFPI that circulates while bound to LDL has a molecular mass of 34 KDa and lacks the carboxyl-terminal region and part of the Kunitz-3 domain. The 41 KDa form of TFPI circulates while bound to HDL and is truncated like one of the 34 KDa forms. This form of TFPI has a higher molecular weight because it is linked via a disulfide bond to apolipoprotein A-II. The heparin-releasable TFPI is not truncated and is fully glycosylated.

TFPI is synthesized in endothelial cells and is exocytosed toward the surface of the cells where it remains bound to heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). The liver is mainly responsible for the clearance of circulating TFPI. In the liver, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) mediates the uptake and degradation of TFPI by hepatoma cells. This LRP-mediated clearance of TFPI involves two steps. Initially TFPI binds to HSPGs on the surface of the cells and is then transferred to LRP for internalization.

TFPI is isolated from body fluids including, but not limited to, serum, urine, and ascites, or synthesized by chemical or biological methods, such as cell culture, recombinant gene expression, and peptide synthesis. Recombinant techniques include gene amplification from DNA sources using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene amplification from RNA sources using reverse transcriptase/PCR. The amino acid sequence of TFPI is known and is set forth schematically in FIG. 1 and in SEQ ID No. 1. By definition, fragments of TFPI have an amino acid sequence within the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 1. TFPI is extracted from body fluids by known protein extraction methods, particularly the method described by Novotny, W. F., et al., "Purification and Characterization of the Lipoprotein-Associated Coagulation Inhibitor From Human Plasma", J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264; 18832-18837.

TFPI-2 is a homolog of TFPI and has a molecular mass of 32 kDa. The amino acid sequence of TFPI is known and is set forth schematically in FIG. 7 and in SEQ ID No. 2. By definition, fragments of TFPI-2 have an amino acid sequence within the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID No. 2. Characteristics of TFPI-2 are described in the scientific article of Sprecher, Cindy A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91:3353-3357 (1994), which is incorporated by reference herein. TFPI-2 is also known by those skilled in the art as placental protein 5 as described in the scientific article of Miyagi, Y., et al., J. Biochem. 116:939-942 (1994), which is incorporated by reference herein. Additional properties of TFPI-2 are described in the scientific article of Petersen, L. C., et al., Biochem. 35:266-272 (1996), which is incorporated by reference herein.

TFPI Fragments

TFPI fragments can be produced and tested for antiproliferative activity using techniques and methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, full length recombinant TFPI (rTFPI) can be produced using the Baculovirus system. The full length TFPI can be cleaved into individual domains or digested using various methods such as, for example, the method described by Enjyoji et al. (Biochemistry 34:5725-5735 (1995)). In accordance with the method of Enjyoji et al., rTFPI is treated with human neutrophil elastase, and the digest purified using a heparin column. Human neutrophil elastase cleaves TFPI at Leu⁸⁹ into two fragments: one containing Kunitz-1 and the other containing Kunitz-2 and Kunitz-3. The fragment containing Kunitz-2 and Kunitz-3 (Kunitz-2/Kunitz-3) is further treated with hydroxylamine according to the method of Balian et al. (Biochemistry 11:3798-3806 (1972)), and the digest purified using a heparin column. Hydroxylamine cleaves the fragment containing Kunitz-2 and Kunitz-3 into two fragments: one containing Kunitz-3 and the other containing the Kunitz-2 domain. The fragments containing the Kunitz- 1 domain, Kunitz-2 domain, Kunitz-3 domain, and Kunitz-2/Kunitz-3 domain are then tested for the ability to inhibit bFGF-induced cell proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation as described in the Examples below. As described in the Examples, fragments containing the Kunitz-3 domain have been shown to have anti-proliferative activity.

Alternatively, fragments are prepared by digesting the entire TFPI molecule, or large fragments thereof exhibiting anti-proliferative activity, to remove one amino acid at a time. Each progressively shorter fragment is then tested for anti-proliferative activity. Similarly, TFPI fragments of various lengths may be synthesized and tested for anti-proliferative activity. By increasing or decreasing the length of a fragment, one skilled in the art may determine the exact number, identity, and sequence of amino acids within the TFPI molecule that are required for anti-proliferative activity using routine digestion, synthesis, and screening procedures known to those skilled in the art.

Anti-proliferative activity is evaluated in situ by testing the ability of TFPI fragments to inhibit the proliferation of new blood vessel cells, referred to herein as the inhibition of angiogenesis. A suitable assay is the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay described by Crum et al., Science 230:1375 (1985) and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,116, which is incorporated by reference herein. The CAM assay is briefly described as follows. Fertilized chick embryos are removed from their shell on day 3 or 4, and a methylcellulose disc containing the TFPI fragment composition is implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane. The embryos are examined 48 hours later and, if a clear avascular zone appears around the methylcellulose disc, the diameter of that zone is measured. The larger the diameter of the zone, the greater the anti-angiogenic activity.

TFPI Compositions

A composition containing TFPI, a TFPI homolog, or an active fragment of TFPI or a TFPI homolog, can be prepared in a physiologically acceptable formulation, such as in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, using known techniques. For example, TFPI, a TFPI homolog, or an active fragment thereof is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient to form a therapeutic composition.

Alternatively, the gene for TFPI or peptide fragments thereof may be delivered in a vector for continuous TFPI administration using gene therapy techniques. The vector may be administered in a vehicle having specificity for a target site, such as a tumor.

The therapeutic composition may be in the form of a solid, liquid or aerosol. Examples of solid compositions include pills, creams, and implantable dosage units. Pills may be administered orally. Therapeutic creams may be administered topically. Implantable dosage units may be administered locally, for example, at a tumor site, or may be implanted for systematic release of the therapeutic angiogenesis-modulating composition, for example, subcutaneously. Examples of liquid compositions include formulations adapted for injection subcutaneously, intravenously, intra-arterially, and formulations for topical and intraocular administration. Examples of aerosol formulations include inhaler formulations for administration to the lungs.

The composition may be administered by standard routes of administration. In general, the composition may be administered by topical, oral, rectal, nasal or parenteral (for example, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intermuscular) routes. In addition, the composition may be incorporated into sustained release matrices such as biodegradable polymers, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity of where delivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor. The method includes administration of a single dose, administration of repeated doses at predetermined time intervals, and sustained administration for a predetermined period of time.

A sustained release matrix, as used herein, is a matrix made of materials, usually polymers which are degradable by enzymatic or acid/base hydrolysis or by dissolution. Once inserted into the body, the matrix is acted upon by enzymes and body fluids. The sustained release matrix desirably is chosen by biocompatible materials such as liposomes, polylactides (polylactide acid), polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid), polylactide co-glycolide (copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid), polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic acid, collagen, chondroitin sulfate, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids, amino acids such phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, polynucleotides, polyvinyl propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicone. A preferred biodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of either of polylactide, polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide (co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid).

The dosage of the composition will depend on the condition being treated, the particular composition used, and other clinical factors such as weight and condition of the patient, and the route of administration.

The composition may be administered in combination with other compositions and procedures for the treatment of diseases. For example, unwanted cell proliferation may be treated conventionally with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy in combination with the administration of TFPI, TFPI homologs, or active fragments thereof, and additional doses of TFPI, TFPI homologs, or active fragments thereof may be subsequently administered to the patient to stabilize and inhibit the growth of any residual unwanted cell proliferation.

The methods and compositions are useful for treating diseases and processes that are mediated by abnormal or undesirable cellular proliferation, particularly abnormal or undesirable endothelial cell proliferation, including, but not limited to, hemangioma, solid tumors, leukemia, metastasis, telangiectasia psoriasis scleroderma, pyogenic granuloma, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, coronary collaterals, ischemic limb angiogenesis, corneal diseases, rubeosis, neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia, arthritis, diabetic neovascularization, macular degeneration, wound healing, peptic ulcer, fractures, keloids, vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis, ovulation, menstruation, and placentation. The method and composition are particularly useful for treating angiogenesis-related disorders and diseases by inhibiting angiogenesis. As described in more detail below, recombinant, full length TFPI is approximately ten times more potent for inhibiting angiogenesis than other known endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis such as recombinant PF-4, and Kringle 1-3 of the Angiostatin™ molecule.

The methods and compositions described herein are particularly useful for treating cancer, arthritis, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy

This invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1 Effect of TFPI on bFGF-induced Proliferation of Human Endothelial Cells

Proliferation assays familiar to those skilled in the art using human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells were used to determine the effect of TFPI on bFGF-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

TFPI from the following sources was tested:

1. full length, fully glycosylated TFPI (molecular weight 43,000) purified from human plasma

2. TFPI purified from HepG2 cells containing full length and carboxyl-terminal lacking molecules

3. full length, partially glycosylated TFPI (molecular weight 35,000) produced recombinantly

4. truncated, partially glycosylated (molecular weight 21,000) produced recombinantly

Materials and Methods

The materials for this experiment included HUVE cells and media for their proliferation, Endothelial Cell Basal Medium (EBM) and Endothelial Cell Growth Medium (EGM), (Clonetics, San Diego, Calif.). Also used was TFPI purified from human plasma or HepG2 cells, recombinant full length TFPI, and recombinant truncated TFPI (1-160 amino acids) (all from American Diagnostica Inc., Greenwich, Conn.). In addition, a cell proliferation ELISA BrdU (Boehringer Mannheim Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.), bFGF (R&D, Minneapolis, Minn.) and heparin (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.) were used.

The proliferation assay involved the routine culturing of human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells to confluency in EGM media. The cells were trypsinized and plated in a 96-well plate at 5000 cells per well per 100 μL EBM media. The cells were allowed to adhere to the plate for at least 2 hours. Next, bFGF at 10 ng/ml and TFPI at various concentrations were added to the wells. The cells were cultured for 48 hours after which cell proliferation was determined using a standard uridine incorporation method.

Results

As indicated below, TFPI from all three sources inhibited bFGF-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The relative proliferative effects of TFPI are shown graphically in FIGS. 3a-3d. TFPI purified from human plasma and HepG2 cells had comparable activities indicating that neither glycosylation nor heparin binding was responsible for the antiproliferative activity of TFPI. (FIG. 4).

    ______________________________________                                         Source of TFPI     Effect on Proliferation                                     ______________________________________                                         Purified From Human Plasma                                                                        Inhibition of Proliferation                                   Purified From HepG2 cells Inhibition of Proliferation                          Recombinant, Full Length Inhibition of Proliferation                           (1-216 amino acids)                                                            Recombinant, truncated No Inhibition of Proliferation                          (1-160 amino acids)                                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2 Effect of Heparin on TFPI Inhibition of bFGF-induced Proliferation

Proliferation assays using HUVE cells, as described in Example 1, were used to determine the effect of heparin on TFPI inhibition of bFGF-induced proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heparin was able to neutralize the antiproliferative activity of TFPI.

TFPI was pre-incubated with equimolar concentrations of heparin and with concentrations of heparin that were five-fold in excess of the concentration of TFPI. The results are summarized below and are presented graphically in FIGS. 5a and 5b.

    ______________________________________                                         Relative Concentration                                                                            Antiproliferative                                             of Heparin & TFPI Activity of TFPI                                           ______________________________________                                         Equimolar Heparin and TFPI                                                                        No Effect                                                     Heparin 5-fold excess > TFPI No Effect                                       ______________________________________                                    

When TFPI was pre-incubated with equimolar and five-fold in excess concentrations of heparin, it did not lose its antiproliferative activity. Together these data demonstrate that TFPI does not inhibit bFGF induced proliferation of endothelial cells by binding to HSPGs on the surface of the cells and thus obstructing the binding of bFGF to heparin sulfates.

EXAMPLE 3 Comparison of the Effects of Native and Recombinant TFPI on bFGF-induced Proliferation of Endothelial Cells

Cell proliferation assays, as described in Example 1, were conducted to determine the relative potency of native TFPI versus recombinant TFPI.

Results

Fifty percent inhibition of the bFGF-induced proliferation of HUVE cells was obtained with 75 nM for the full length, fully glycosylated native TFPI and with 150 nM for the full length, recombinant TFPI. Therefore, there is a significant difference in the ability to inhibit proliferation by native and recombinant TFPI, with native TFPI being decidedly more potent.

EXAMPLE 4 Comparison of the Inhibitory Activity of Recombinant TFPI to Other Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Cell proliferation assays, as described in Example 1, were conducted using full length recombinant TFPI, Platelet Factor 4 (PF-4), and recombinant Kringle 1-3 of Angiostatin™ peptide. Both PF-4 and Angiostatin™ peptide are known endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. PF-4 is a protein involved in the blood coagulation cascade and is referenced as an inhibitor of angiogenesis by Maione, T. et al. in the article "Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Recombinant Human Platelet Factor-4 and Related Peptides" Science 247:77 (1990). Angiostatin is a fragment of plasminogen and its inhibitory effect on angiogenesis is described by Cao, Y. et al. in the article "Kringle Domains of Human Angiostatin" J. Biol. Chem. 271:1 (1996).

PF-4 and TFPI were tested for inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation. Angiostatin™ peptide was tested for the inhibition of bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) proliferation. The results are summarized below.

Results

    ______________________________________                                         Angiogenesis     Concentration for                                               Inhibitor 50% Inhibition                                                     ______________________________________                                         Recombinant TFPI Approx. 0.125 μm                                             PF-4 1.25 μm                                                                Kringle 1-3 Angiostatin ™ 0.190 μm                                     ______________________________________                                    

Full length recombinant TFPI is approximately ten times more potent than recombinant PF-4, which requires 1.25 μM for 50% inhibition of HUVE cell proliferation. Full length recombinant TFPI is also more active than recombinant Kringle 1-3 of angiostatin, which requires approximately 0.190 μM for 50% inhibition of BCE proliferation.

EXAMPLE 5 Localization of Relevant Domains of Recombinant TFPI for Inhibitory Activity on Proliferation of Endothelial Cells

Cell proliferation assays, as described above in Example 1, were conducted using fragments of recombinant TFPI containing the following domains: Kunitz-1, Kunitz-2, or Kunitz-3.

Results

Recombinant TFPI containing only Kunitz-1, and Kunitz-2 (1-160 amino acids) did not result in the inhibition of proliferation of endothelial cells. However, recombinant TFPI containing Kunitz-3 did result in the inhibition of proliferation as shown in FIG. 6. These results indicate that Kunitz-3 or an active portion thereof most probably plays an important role affecting the activity of TFPI or the binding of TFPI to its receptor on the surface of the endothelial cells.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                              - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 2                                            - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 276 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                            - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO                                                    - -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal                                         - -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                           (A) ORGANISM: Homo sapi - #ens                                        - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Active-site                                                      (B) LOCATION: 2..3                                                             (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/note= "Site of partial                                   phosphorylat - #ion"                                             - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Active-site                                                      (B) LOCATION: 117..118                                                         (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/note= "Potential site for N-linked                      glycosylatio - #n"                                               - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Active-site                                                      (B) LOCATION: 167..168                                                         (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/note= "Potential site for N-linked                       glycosylatio - #n"                                               - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Active-site                                                      (B) LOCATION: 228..229                                                         (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/note= "Potential site for N-linked                       glycosylatio - #n"                                               - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Domain                                                           (B) LOCATION: 26..76                                                           (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/label= Kunitz-1                            - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Domain                                                           (B) LOCATION: 97..147                                                          (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/label= Kunitz-2                            - -     (ix) FEATURE:                                                                   (A) NAME/KEY: Domain                                                           (B) LOCATION: 189..239                                                         (D) OTHER INFORMATION: - #/label= Kunitz-3                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                - -      Asp Ser Glu Glu Asp Glu Glu His - # Thr Ile Ile Thr Asp Thr         Glu Leu                                                                               1             - #  5                - #   10               - #          15                                                                                - -      Pro Pro Leu Lys Leu Met His Ser - # Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala        Asp Asp                                                                                           20 - #                 25 - #                 30              - -      Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala Ile Met Lys - # Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn Ile         Phe Thr                                                                                       35     - #             40     - #             45                   - -      Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe Ile Tyr - # Gly Gly Cys Glu Gly Asn        Gln Asn                                                                                   50         - #         55         - #         60                       - -      Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys - # Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg        Asp Asn                                                                               65             - #     70             - #     75             - #          80                                                                             - -      Ala Asn Arg Ile Ile Lys Thr Thr - # Leu Gln Gln Glu Lys Pro         Asp Phe                                                                                            - #   85               - #   90               - #          95                                                                                - -      Cys Phe Leu Glu Glu Asp Pro Gly - # Ile Cys Arg Gly Tyr Ile        Thr Arg                                                                                           100 - #                105 - #                110             - -      Tyr Phe Tyr Asn Asn Gln Thr Lys - # Gln Cys Glu Arg Phe Lys         Tyr Gly                                                                                       115     - #            120     - #            125                  - -      Gly Cys Leu Gly Asn Met Asn Asn - # Phe Glu Thr Leu Glu Glu        Cys Lys                                                                                   130         - #        135         - #        140                      - -      Asn Ile Cys Glu Asp Gly Pro Asn - # Gly Phe Gln Val Asp Asn        Tyr Gly                                                                               145             - #    150             - #    155             - #         160                                                                            - -      Thr Gln Leu Asn Ala Val Asn Asn - # Ser Leu Thr Pro Gln Ser         Thr Lys                                                                                            - #   165              - #   170              - #          175                                                                               - -      Val Pro Ser Leu Phe Glu Phe His - # Gly Pro Ser Trp Cys Leu        Thr Pro                                                                                           180 - #                185 - #                190             - -      Ala Asp Arg Gly Leu Cys Arg Ala - # Asn Glu Asn Arg Phe Tyr         Tyr Asn                                                                                       195     - #            200     - #            205                  - -      Ser Val Ile Gly Lys Cys Arg Pro - # Phe Lys Tyr Ser Gly Cys        Gly Gly                                                                                   210         - #        215         - #        220                      - -      Asn Glu Asn Asn Phe Thr Ser Lys - # Gln Glu Cys Leu Arg Ala        Cys Lys                                                                               225             - #    230             - #    235             - #         240                                                                            - -      Lys Gly Phe Ile Gln Arg Ile Ser - # Lys Gly Gly Leu Ile Lys         Thr Lys                                                                                            - #   245              - #   250              - #          255                                                                               - -      Arg Lys Arg Lys Lys Gln Arg Val - # Lys Ile Ala Tyr Glu Glu        Ile Phe                                                                                           260 - #                265 - #                270             - -      Val Lys Asn Met                                                                   275                                                                - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 213 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                            - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO                                                  - -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO                                                    - -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal                                         - -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                           (A) ORGANISM: Homo sapi - #ens                                        - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                - -      Asp Ala Ala Gln Glu Pro Thr Gly - # Asn Asn Ala Glu Ile Cys         Leu Leu                                                                               1             - #  5                - #   10               - #          15                                                                                - -      Pro Leu Asp Tyr Gly Pro Cys Arg - # Ala Leu Leu Leu Arg Tyr        Tyr Tyr                                                                                           20 - #                 25 - #                 30              - -      Asp Arg Tyr Thr Gln Ser Cys Arg - # Gln Phe Leu Tyr Gly Gly         Cys Glu                                                                                       35     - #             40     - #             45                   - -      Gly Asn Ala Asn Asn Phe Tyr Thr - # Trp Glu Ala Cys Asp Asp        Ala Cys                                                                                   50         - #         55         - #         60                       - -      Trp Arg Ile Glu Lys Val Pro Lys - # Val Cys Arg Leu Gln Val        Ser Val                                                                               65             - #     70             - #     75             - #          80                                                                             - -      Asp Asp Gln Cys Glu Gly Ser Thr - # Glu Lys Tyr Phe Phe Asn         Leu Ser                                                                                            - #   85               - #   90               - #          95                                                                                - -      Ser Met Thr Cys Glu Lys Phe Phe - # Ser Gly Gly Cys His Arg        Asn Arg                                                                                           100 - #                105 - #                110             - -      Ile Glu Asn Arg Phe Pro Asp Glu - # Ala Thr Cys Met Gly Phe         Cys Ala                                                                                       115     - #            120     - #            125                  - -      Pro Lys Lys Ile Pro Ser Phe Cys - # Tyr Ser Pro Lys Asp Glu        Gly Leu                                                                                   130         - #        135         - #        140                      - -      Cys Ser Ala Asn Val Thr Arg Tyr - # Tyr Phe Asn Pro Arg Tyr        Arg Thr                                                                               145             - #    150             - #    155             - #         160                                                                            - -      Cys Asp Ala Phe Thr Tyr Thr Gly - # Cys Gly Gly Asn Asp Asn         Asn Phe                                                                                            - #   165              - #   170              - #          175                                                                               - -      Val Ser Arg Glu Asp Cys Lys Arg - # Ala Cys Ala Lys Ala Leu        Lys Lys                                                                                           180 - #                185 - #                190             - -      Lys Lys Lys Met Pro Lys Leu Arg - # Phe Ala Ser Arg Ile Arg         Lys Ile                                                                                       195     - #            200     - #            205                  - -      Arg Lys Lys Gln Phe                                                           210                                                                 __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. A method of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation in a human or animal comprising,administering to the human or animal a sufficient amount of a composition comprising tissue factor pathway inhibitor to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, wherein the tissue factor pathway inhibitor has an amino acid sequence comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. or anti-proliferative fragments thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the endothelial cell proliferation occurs during angiogenesis-related disease.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the angiogenesis-related disease is a disease selected from the group consisting of cancer, arthritis, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein administration of the composition inhibits angiogenesis.
 5. A method of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation in a human or animal comprising,administering to the human or animal a sufficient amount of a composition comprising tissue factor pathway inhibitor to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, wherein the tissue factor pathway inhibitor has an amino acid sequence comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 2. or anti-proliferative fragments thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the anti-proliferative fragment contains the Kunitz-3 domain or an anti-proliferative fragment thereof.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the anti-proliferative fragment contains the Kunitz-3 domain or an anti-proliferative fragment thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises the tissue factor pathway inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or sustained-release matrix.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation inhibits neovascularization. 